Emergency Communications

By Rob Murray on SV AVANT

Cruisers spend big dollars on emergency communications, and in most cases never use them. What are some of the options, their pros and cons, and use cases aboard?

EPIRB

EPIRBs (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon(s)) are the gold standard in reliability and durability. Designed by an international consortium of search and rescue agencies in the 1980s, these use the SARSAT (Search And Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking) system of satellites (a combination of government operated LEOSAR, GEOSAR, and MEOSAR satellites) combined with a network of 29 MCCs (Mission Control Centers) which communicate with national RCCs (Rescue Coordination Centers).

When you activate your EPIRB, a SARSAT satellite will pick up the signal within minutes and relay it to the MCC nearest the satellite via their Local User Terminal. The MCC will relay the transmission to the national authorityโ€™s RCC you have registered your EPIRB with (typically your flag country). Then โ€˜yourโ€™ RCC will relay the information to the RCC responsible for the area you are in and reach out to the emergency contacts registered with your beacon, and the RCC local to your location will begin a rescue operation. This is typically done in less than an hour.

COSPAS-SARSAT System Overview

The downside of EPIRBs is they are one-way communicators โ€“ they simply relay your call for help, and do not indicate if itโ€™s a fire, sinking, or medical emergency.

Once purchased, EPIRBs are free to operate (no subscription fee), and the only ongoing cost is periodic replacement of the batteries (depends on unit specifications). Most units are water activated, so they should be stored where rain or spray wonโ€™t set them off inadvertently. They are specified to operate for a minimum of 48 hours, but typically will operate for much longer.

EPIRBs must have the battery replaced after use, they are good for a single activation per battery.

PLB

PLBs (Personal Locator Beacon(s)) are basically EPIRBs in short pants. Smaller and lighter than EPIRBs, they are typically less expensive as well. The broadcast at the same power as EPIRBs (5.0 watts) but have half the battery life (24 hours minimum vs 48 hours with an EPIRB). As with EPIRBs, they will typically operate much longer than the minimum specified.

Similar to EPIRBs, they must be registered with a national authority and have no operating cost beyond periodic battery replacement.

PLBs, like EPIRBs must have the battery replaced after use, they are good for a single activation per battery.

SEND

SENDs (Satellite Emergency Notification Device(s)) are devices like the InReach, InReach Mini, Garmin InReach Messenger, Zoleo, Spot, Spot X, Yellowbrick, ACR Bivy Stick, Motorola Defy Satellite Link and so on.

These use various commercial satellites or commercial satellite constellations and allow emergency โ€˜send helpโ€™ communications, typically with a dedicated SOS button. They also typically allow two-way communications, like a text or SMS on your phone (some allow this in a self-contained method, some require tethering with a smartphone or tablet). Most operate on the Iridium Satellite Network, which is generally considered to be of the highest quality and offers global coverage. Some use other networks like Globalstar, which does not offer global coverage. They typically operate at about 1.5 watts of transmit power.

Most use the IERCC (International Emergency Response Coordination Center) as their emergency response partner ( WWW.IERCC.COM ). Spot uses Overwatch Rescue ( WWW.OVERWATCHXRESCUE.COM ).

When you press โ€˜SOSโ€™ on the device, it sends a message via the satellite or satellite constellation to the emergency response partner and they act in a way like the EPIRB response mechanism above, but they call/text you back (if your device allows) as well as calling your emergency contacts.

If the device allows you to send and receive messages you can also initiate a two-way conversation with a shoreside contact for a serious but not life-threatening situation, such as an engine or medical problem.

Most SENDs also support the sending of โ€˜breadcrumbโ€™ trails while cruising. This is useful to allow shoreside contacts to follow you and leaves a record of your journey should you โ€˜go darkโ€™ in an emergency that incapacitates you and your crew such that you are unable to activate any of your devices, giving search and rescue teams a starting place to look for you.

Each of these devices, being commercial, requires a subscription. Costs vary.

SENDs are rechargeable and can be used again and again. Battery life varies between units.

There is a good comparative review of many units at ( https://www.treelinereview.com/gearreviews/best-personal-locator-beacons )

DSC Distress Calls

Marine radios (VHF and MF/SSB) can send a DSC (Digital Selective Calling) alert, usually by pressing a red button on the radio. The button usually must be held down for more than 3 seconds to activate it (this to limit the chance of false alerts). This sends a GPS position if your radio contains or is connected to a GPS, plus your MMSI (Marine Mobile Service Identity).

VHF is monitored for these alerts worldwide (withing coverage limits), but coverage via MF/SSB is spotty. (There are propagation issues, and some rescue authorities no longer monitor the frequency. The USCG stopped monitoring the 2182Hz rescue frequency in 2013.)

VHF DSC alerts will be picked up by other vessels within radio range.

This is cost-free.

How do you contact Search and Rescue directly wherever you are?

Each country has SEARCH AND RESCUE NUMBERS.ย  These can be found on the Ocean Posse website for each area we operate in:

https://oceanposse.com/aruba/#emergencies
https://oceanposse.com/azores/#emergencies
https://oceanposse.com/bahamas/#emergencies

etc

https://oceanposse.com/italy/#emergencies

https://oceanposse.com/mexico/#emergencies

Ocean Posse members can substitute the country you are in to get to the right numbers

What about Cell Phone Satellite Communications?

Some newer cell phones from Apple or Google/Pixel have limited SOS satellite connectivity, and Samsung has announced forthcoming satellite capability. Somewhat klugey, they require manual alignment of the device and use the GlobalStar network. Not all devices have the feature, and some are limited by the carrier. The geographic coverage is quite limited. These should be considered back-ups until the technology becomes more mature.

What should you do to get ready for an emergency?

Select and install your chosen devices and set them up appropriately.

For EPIRBs and PLBs, that means registering them with the appropriate national authorities and mounting their storage brackets in suitable locations. Each device has a testing schedule and protocol, so add reminders to your calendar to ensure you keep up with the schedule.

For SEND devices, ensure you have the appropriate subscription in place and the emergency contacts are registered, and the appropriate contacts are in the deviceโ€™s address book or contact list. If the device tethers with a smart phone or other device, ensure the appropriate software is installed and up to date, and the tethering connection(s) have been tested. Having the tethering connection enabled on multiple devices adds redundancy. Most send devices get firmware updates from the manufacturer, so find out how your device updates and schedule a check every 90 days or so to ensure youโ€™re up to date. Ensure you have a charging/battery replacement protocol in place so that the device is always charged up or, if it has replaceable batteries, you have spares on hand.

For DSC Alerts, make sure your radio(s) have your MMSI programmed in and have access to a reliable GPS signal, and that the radio(s) have a first-class antenna connection (testing with an SWR meter is the best way to ensure this).

Once the hardware and software are established, train your crew in the use of these devices and make sure they know how and when to use them. Preparing a โ€˜Cheat Sheetโ€™ of simple instructions that can be posted in a handy spot ensures they are not falling back on memory in an emergency.

You have an emergency, what should you do?

If you are faced with a life-threatening situation or there is an imminent threat of danger such as loss of life, potential loss of life, loss of the vessel, potential loss of the vessel, sinking, fire, loss of the rig, or other serious emergency you should activate all of your emergency communications all at once. If you have all three, use the EPIRB, SEND and DSC alert all at the same time.

  1. The EPIRB will get SAR resources mobilized rapidly on a nation-to-nation basis. It is hands down the most reliable distress signaling mechanism.
  2. The SEND will typically allow two-way communication on the nature of the emergency and what aid is required.
  3. The VHF DSC Alert will summon any nearby vessels to your aid.

If you are faced with a potential life-threatening situation or there is the potential for an imminent threat of danger to develop, you should initiate a two-way communication with a shoreside contact to seek advice and/or advise them of the situation (ideally with one of the emergency contacts for your EPIRB or SEND). This could be via any means available, Cell Phone, Starlink (email, teleconference, etc.), SEND, or whatever works. Nearby vessels should be alerted via a normal VHF radio call. This allows them to be aware of whatโ€™s going on and be ready to scale up response appropriately as the situation demands.

Posse Perk

Ocean Posse members have access to additional help from other Posse members who may be nearby and from Posse HQ.ย  Members can send a message on the Posse line Ap to reach out for nearby vessels.ย  The Posse Team has assisted in rescue coordination and has connections in many regions with search and rescue and other resources to assist if required. Contact Dietmar atย  dietmar@oceanposse.com or text him at ( +1 (702) 861-9823 ) to set the team in motion!