LOGISTICS

What is a Bill of Lading?

The Bill of Lading is a legal document in shipping that records the traded goods received onboard. It establishes an agreement between a shipper and the transportation company (carrier). The carrier issues a Bill of Lading to the shipper, which has details about the goods being shipped, the starting point and destination of the shipment, and information about the shipper, carrier, and consignee.

Before delving into the topic further, let us understand a few terms:

• A shipper is the one which is supplying the commodities being transported. They pack and prepare the shipment for transportation.
• The carrier is the company which moves the cargo; for instance, it could be any shipping line like Maersk.
• The consignee is the party which receives the shipment. This can be your firm or a manufacturer who requires the goods you are shipping.

Land, ocean, and air transport use lading bills. There are usually two types of bills of lading: the House Bill of Lading and the Master Bill of Lading.

An ocean bill of lading indicates the carrier through which the goods have been placed to their final destination and the conditions for transporting the shipment to its final destination.

While many confuse the bill of lading with Proof of Delivery, the former is a contract between the owner of goods and freight carrier, while the latter is proof that the goods have reached their destination.

Importance of Bill of Lading

Bill of Lading is significant as it allows the person having it to rightfully claim the ownership of the cargo. It also serves as proof of a carriage contract, which mentions the responsibilities of the carrier towards the other parties involved in the transportation of cargo.

It is a contract between a carrier and shipper for the transportation of goods and also serves as a receipt issued by a carrier to the shipper.

The carrier need not require all originals to be submitted before delivery. Therefore, the exporter must retain control over the complete set of the originals until payment is effected, a bill of exchange is accepted, or some other assurance for payment has been made.

Hence, the bill of lading is considered a legal document which provides all the vital details to the shipper and the carrier to conveniently process the freight shipment through different maritime countries and invoice it correctly.

The carrier has an original copy of the bill of lading, and a copy should also be ascribed to the packaged freight.

What Details Are in the Bill of Lading?

• Name and official address of the receiver and the shipper.
• The Purchase order numbers, special reference/ invoice or reference numbers
• Instructions to help the shipper and the Consignee release the goods for pickup or are accepted at delivery.
• The date of the pickup to track the freight.
• Number of units being shipped, the NMFC freight class, the weight and dimensions of the products, and the nature of the cargo being carried.
• If the goods are hazardous, the Department of Transportation hazardous material designation is tagged, and it is cited on the bill to follow particular rules and requirements when shipping.
• The packaging details include crates, pallets, cartons, pills, drums, etc.
• Special notes or instructions for the carrier.

Functions of the Bill of Lading: Why do you need it?

The bill of lading acts as evidence of the contract of carriage of the goods. A negotiable bill of lading has the following legal qualities:

• It acts as evidence for the carriage contract containing the terms and conditions under which the goods transportation will be carried out.
• It represents a receipt which endorses that the carrier has received the cargo as per the contract and the goods are received in good condition.
• It is a document of title permitting the sale of goods in transit and raising financial credit.
• Most local and international systems do not consider a bill of lading as a title document. It provides the right for the delivery to be made to the possessor.

Negotiable and Non-negotiable Bill of lading

Negotiable bill of lading:  In this type of bill, explicit instruction is provided to deliver the goods to anyone possessing the original copy of the bill, which signifies the title and control of the freight. In this type of bill, the buyer/ receiver or their agent has to acquire and present an original copy of the bill of lading at the discharge port. Without an original bill copy, the freight will not be released.

Non-negotiable bill:  This type of bill of lading fixes a specific consignee/name of the receiver to whom the freights will be shipped and delivered. It, however, does not itself serve the owner of the goods. Under this bill, the assigned receiver/ buyers can claim the cargo by confirming their identity.

Different Types

There are different types of bills of lading depending on your shipping destination, type of cargo, and requirements. They can be classified based on execution and method of operation.

Based on execution

1. A straight bill of lading reveals that the goods are consigned to a specified person, which is not negotiable, free from existing equities. It means any endorsee acquires no better rights than those the endorser holds. This type of bill is also known as a non-negotiable bill of lading, and from the banker’s point of view, this type of bill of lading is not safe. This type of bill is prominently used for military cargo.

2. Open bill of lading —This is a negotiable bill of lading in which the name of the Consignee can be changed with the consignee’s signature and thus transferred multiple times. A switch bill of lading is a type of open bill of lading.

3. A bearer bill of lading states that delivery shall be made to whosoever holds the bill. Such a bill may be created explicitly or an order bill that fails to nominate the Consignee, whether in its original form or through an endorsement in blank. A bearer bill can be negotiated by physical delivery. They are used for bulk cargo that is turned over in small amounts.

4. Order bill of lading is a bill that uses express words to make the bill negotiable. This means that delivery is to be made to the further order of the Consignee using words such as “delivery to A Ltd. or to order or assigns. The cargo is only delivered to the bona fide holder of the lading bill, which must be verified by an agent who issues the delivery order and the verified bill of lading. The order bill of lading:

–    is the most modern type of bill, which is widely used all over the world

–    ensures the safety of delivery of cargo to a bonafide holder of B/L

–    Since the ship visits several foreign ports where the language, practice, and procedures may differ, the master might be inconvenienced during the cargo delivery. People might fraudulently collect the cargo.

–    To overcome this difficulty and avoid future cargo claims and litigations, the Consignee or the holder must surrender the bill of lading to the ship’s agent at the discharge port, who will verify the genuineness of the bill of lading. When satisfied, the agent will issue a delivery order and the verified bill of lading. Now, any person can collect the cargo from the ship by surrendering the bill of lading and the delivery note to the ship.

As the bill of lading is made to “to order” of the Consignee, it is a negotiable instrument of title. This means that the ownership of the bill of lading can be transferred from one person to another by authorising the signature and delivery of the bill of lading.

All goods which have not been paid in advance and are shipped under “To order” of the bill of lading can be categorised into two types:

• To Order, Blank Endorsed: not consigned to any named party but ‘To Order’ of the consignor, with the intended – Consignee’s name given under ‘notify party.’ The consignor must stamp and sign (endorse) this B/L so its title can be transferred.
• To Order, Bank: consigned to a bank with the intended Consignee’s name under ‘notify party.’ The bank endorses the B/L to the intended Consignee against payment of (or a pledge to pay) the amount of the accompanying bill of exchange. ‘To Order’ B/Ls are commonly used in the letter of credit transactions and may be bought, sold, traded, or used as security for borrowing money from banks or other lenders.

Based on the Method of Operation

1. Received for shipment bill of lading–This bill is sent from the agent /charterer to the shipper. The endorsement of this bill ensures that the carrier has received goods but does not confirm it is onboard the assigned vessel.
2. Shipped B/L – This bill of lading is Issued when cargo is loaded on board. It binds the shipowner and the shipper directly.
3. A clean bill of lading states that the cargo has been loaded on board the ship in apparent good order and condition. Such a bill of lading will not bear a clause or notation which expressively declares a defective condition of goods and/or the packaging. The opposite term is a soiled bill of lading. It reflects that the carrier received the goods in anything but good condition.
4. Through B/L – This bill of lading is a legal document allowing direct cargo delivery from point A to point B. The bill provides transportation of goods both within domestic borders and through international shipment as it serves as a receipt of the cargo, a contract of carriage, and sometimes title for the products as well
5. Combined transport B/L – This bill gives information about cargo transported in large containers by sea and land, i.e. through multi-model transport.
6. Dirty bill of lading: If the shipowner objects to “the condition of the cargo being in good order,” they can include a clause thereby causing the bill of lading to be “claused or dirty” along with the remarks as per the finding of the cargo condition, e.g., torn packing, broken cargo, shortage in the quantity of the goods, etc.

Related reading: What are container ships?

Sets of Bill of Lading

This is an old practice where the bills are signed in sets of three originals to facilitate timely delivery of the goods even when the original is lost. They are stated as the first, second, and third originals on top of the bill. A duplicate copy with the stamp “Non-negotiable” may also be distributed.

The master will sign the original bill of lading, and when the agent’s master signs the three-bill of lading, all other copies are considered void. This clause is written on the bill of lading supplied in sets.

This is why the bank, when negotiating a letter of credit covering the cargo, always asks for the full set of B/Ls. This prevents other B/L holders from legally claiming the cargo before the bank does.

Bill of lading as Contract Of Carriage

The contract between the carrier and the shipper is already created before issuing the bill of lading when the cargo is loaded on the ship. This is done to safeguard the shipper in case the cargo is damaged before loading it onboard the vessel and to help the shipper in the claim process. For the carrier and the Consignee, the bill of lading will act as the actual contract of carriage.

The popularly used conventions and rules which cover the contract of carriage for carrying goods by sea  :

–    Hamburg Rules

–    Rotterdam Rules

–    Hague Rules

–    US COGSA

–    Hague – Visby Rules

The convention governing the carriage contract is usually stated on the first page of the bill of lading. Upon booking space for shipment by the Consignee, the carrier sends a booking confirmation that states the clauses sent by the carrier. It will indicate the terms and conditions governing the booking and carriage contract.

Tracking

Different companies use different forms of bill of lading, making tracking challenging unless the carrier provides a specific tracking service. A few companies tie up with the shipping carriers to track the bill of lading for easy trade.

However, these precautions must be taken before signing the bill of lading.

Electronic Bills of Lading

With the modernisation of the shipping industry as a whole, the bill of lading is also modernised to the electronic bill of lading to solve the issues occurring while using a paper bill of lading under the latest iteration of the International Group of P&I Clubs. The problems faced when using a paper bill of ladings are:

The paper bill uses printed bills of lading, which are both costly. The bill has to be couriered, which is an additional cost.

–    The slow movement of the paper-based bill of lading.

Carriers are obligated to release the goods upon production of an original bill of lading, which will slow the process if not received in time.

–    The paper bill can be forged, and delivery of goods against a forged bill of lading will lead to a huge loss